Oligo

What are Oligonucleotides?

Oligonucleotides (oligo) are short nucleic polymer chains that bind to DNA and RNA sequences and are used in research, forensics and genetic testing. They are manufactured in a lab by a procedure called solid-phase chemical synthesis.

Uses:

Oligo are used in DNA microarrays, Southern blot assay, ASO analysis, artificial gene synthesis, DNA sequencing, polymerase chain reaction, and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH).

Purification of Oligonucleotides:

During the process Oligonucleotides are made, they may accumulate some impurities. This could be a problem in lab procedures which is why Oligo must be purified before they can be used in research. Few ways to purify them are gel filtration, HPLC, reverse HPLC, and anion-exchange HPLC and desalting.

Modification of Oligonucleotides:

Many research projects demand certain modified Oligos to carry out a lab procedure.

The following are some ways to modify Oligos.

• Biotinylation: Biotin is used for DNA and RNA detection. When a biotin is covalently attached to a nucleic acid, it is called Biotinylation.
• Fluorescent labeling (Dyomics™, Cy Dyes: More than 200 labels are available to choose from depending on your research details. Fluorescent labeling is the easier and most widely used method to modify oligos to use in detecting DNA sequences, forensics and such.
• Wobble bases: It is a mixture of bases that can be introduced to DNA at any position in oligo sequence. Such oligonucleotides are usually required for for random mutagenesis, and combinatorial chemistry.
• Phosphorylation: 5' or 3' phosphorylation can be done on oligonucleotides to help in research. 5' phosphorylation is needed when an oligo is used as a DNA ligase substrate. 3' phosphorylation inhibits 3' degeneration and by 3' exonucleases and to block DNA polymerase extension.
• Quenchers: Quenchers are used to absorb energy that is emitted by a fluorophore and while it is absorbing its energy, quenchers inhibits fluorophore's detection. Such modified oligos are important in various types of lab tests.

Off Road Tours in Spain

Adventures in Spain

There are many adventures awaiting the excited traveler right in Spain. There is so much to experience. Off Road Tours in Spain are amazing. There is literally something for every traveler who chooses Spain as their destination. If it is lovely scenes and views that you are looking for then you will be pleasantly surprised to find that the landscape does indeed vary greatly. There are numerous beaches that truly glitter. The deepest and most vibrant waters await you.

Off Road Tours in Spain

You may truly enjoy a guided off road tour. There are many package deals that will offer grand specials for those off road tours. You will not miss out on a single attraction or any of those extra special spots. The following is a sample list of some of the tours that are available to the excited traveler:

• Adventure tours
• Off road tours
• Motorbike tours
• Walking Tours

Off Road Tours in Spain that will lead you through the magnificent and splendid beauty. There are many islands that are waiting for gracious travelers. You may have to take in the grandest bull fight when your in Spain.

Attractions

Spain is filled with wonderous attractions. There are 3 absolutely top attractions that should never be missed. The top 3:

1. Pamplona is a city in Navarra. It is the host of running of the bulls.
2. Palacio Real. This is the Royal Palace of Madrid.
3. Aqueduct of Segovia. This is one of the preserved monuments. The Romans left this beauty.

Off Road Tours in Spain will show you many more unbelievable attractions.

Catalonia

Off Road Tours in Spain will show off the breathtaking Catalonia. You may feel as if you are having a tour of a real fairytale land.

Pita Bread Making Machine

Pita Bread Making Machine

When you are running your own bakery, you want to make sure that you have all the machinery that is needed to manage the business properly. You need to have machines that make a number of different types of bread and pastries, and a pita bread making machine can run all day long as you manage your bakery. Consider the best way to buy one of these machines for your business.

The Speed

You need to get a pita bread making machine that is going to move at the speed you desire. The speed of the pita bread making machine alone is something that determines how efficient your business is. If you cannot keep up with demand, you will not be able to keep your customers happy. Choose the pita bread making machine that is going to help you keep your customers fed all throughout the day.

The Size

Your bakery may be in one of the smallest rooms you could imagine. If this is the case, you need to have a pita bread making machine that is going to fit in the room. Also, you need to be sure that the smallest machine will go at the speed you need. If you are trying to produce as much bread as possible, you should get a pita bread making machine that is going to be big enough to meet demand.

The PricingYou must find a pita bread making machine that is going to fit into you budget. The budget for your business is likely set in stone. You must weigh the speed of the machine with the size of the machine and its price. When you have considered all these steps, you will be able to find a machine that is going to keep your bakery humming all day.